Women are beautiful, men rational

Men are typically described by words that refer to behavior, while adjectives ascribed to women tend to be associated with physical appearance, say a group of computer scientists that deployed machine learning to analyze 3.5 million books.

What the researchers say: ‘Beautiful’ and ‘sexy’ are two of the adjectives most frequently used to describe women. Commonly used descriptors for men include ‘righteous’, ‘rational’ and ‘brave’.

The researchers trawled through an enormous quantity of books in an effort to find out whether there is a difference between the types of words used to describe men and women in literature. Using a new computer model, the researchers analyzed a dataset of 3.5 million books, all published in English between 1900 and 2008. The books include a mix of fiction and non-fiction literature.

See their table of the eleven positive and negative commonly used descriptors here.

“We are clearly able to see that the words used for women refer much more to their appearances than the words used to describe men. Thus, we have been able to confirm a widespread perception, only now at a statistical level,” said the lead author.

The researchers extracted adjectives and verbs associated with gender-specific nouns (e.g. ‘daughter’ and ‘stewardess’). For example, in combinations such as ‘sexy stewardess’ or ‘girls gossiping’. They then analyzed whether the words had a positive, negative or neutral sentiment, and subsequently which categories the words could be divided into.

Their analyses demonstrate that negative verbs associated with body and appearance are used with five times the frequency for females than males. The analyses also demonstrate that positive and neutral adjectives relating to the body and appearance occur approximately twice as often in descriptions of females, while males are most frequently described using adjectives that refer to their behavior and personal qualities.

In the past, linguists typically looked at the prevalence of gendered language and bias but using smaller data sets. Now, computer scientists are able to deploy machine learning algorithms to analyze vast troves of data—in this case, 11 billion words.

Although many of the books were published several decades ago, they still play an active role, the researchers point out. The algorithms used to create machines and applications that can understand human language are fed with data in the form of text material that is available online. This is the technology that allows smartphones to recognize our voices and enables Google to provide keyword suggestions.

“The algorithms work to identify patterns, and whenever one is observed, it is perceived that something is ‘true’. If any of these patterns refer to biased language, the result will also be biased. The systems adopt, so to speak, the language that we people use, and thus, our gender stereotypes and prejudices,” said the lead researcher, and gives an example of where it may be important.

“If the language we use to describe men and women differs, in employee recommendations for example, it will influence who is offered a job when companies use IT systems to sort through job applications.”

As artificial intelligence and language technology become more prominent across society, it is important to be aware of gendered language.

She added: “We can try to take this into account when developing machine-learning models by either using less biased text or by forcing models to ignore or counteract bias. All three things are possible.”

So, what? The analysis has its limitations, in that it does not take into account who wrote the individual passages and the differences in the degrees of bias depending on whether the books were published during an earlier or later period within the data set timeline. Furthermore, it does not distinguish between genres—e.g. between romance novels and non-fiction.

Besides that, the research is both useful and important. It helps us to see how unconscious bias actually works. How many times have we read books and not paid any attention to the adjectives used to describe the characters? That’s how biases get accepted and become normalized.