Holiday or vacation? Similar language leads to more cooperation

“Holiday or vacation”, “to start or to begin”, "my friend’s cat or the cat of my friend" – in our language, there are different ways of expressing the same things and concepts. But can the choice of a particular variant determine whether we prefer to cooperate with certain people rather than with others? A research team investigated this and showed that people are more likely to co-operate with others if they make similar linguistic choices in a conversation.

The experiment suggests that the decisive factor is probably the feeling of belonging to the same social group. The study was published in the journal Language and Cognition.

In an experiment, 100 English-speaking study participants described pictures for two conversation partners. The pictures showed situations that the study participants could describe using two different grammatical constructions that meant the same thing. Descriptions such as "John gives Mary the book" or "John gives the book to Mary" were available to choose from.

In a next step, the players’ roles were switched, and the study participants were confronted with picture descriptions of their partners. Finally, they had to decide which of their partners they wanted to co-operate with. The incentive for this decision was a subsequent game in which there was money to be won.

What the researchers say: "We found that, as expected, our study participants chose conversation partners who spoke similarly to them and used the same grammatical construction as them," the lead author explained.

In a further experiment, the research team disentangled what the reasons for the preference for linguistically similar conversation partners could be. The researchers had two hypotheses:

• People prefer others who speak similarly because they might think that the others belong to the same social group, and one is more likely to cooperate with group members than with outsiders, or

• People favor others who speak similarly because they might think that the others are willing to adapt linguistically and might therefore also be more cooperative in other areas.

To test these two possibilities, the study participants had to name the pictures with the grammatical construction that sounded less natural to them. When they then had to choose their co-operation partners again, they opted for those who resembled their natural language use rather than those who resembled the language they used in the experiment.

"This clearly supports the first of our hypotheses: A sense of belonging to the same social group based on linguistic expression that are natural to oneself is the more decisive factor in the choice of cooperation partners. The idea that the other person is adapting to one’s own way of expressing oneself and might therefore be more cooperative was much less important," the researchers said.

"Our study shows that even small linguistic differences, which we may not even be consciously aware of, can play a role in our willingness to cooperate."

So, what? Alicia and I have for a long time contended that in humans, true collaboration only happens between those that have a lot in common with each other. The greater the commonality, the greater the trust and therefore the greater the readiness to collaborate. Speech patterns are a major commonality, as are commonalities in assumptions and rituals. It’s nice to find yet another study confirming our hypothesis.